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Institutional challenges
At hydropower conferences across Kathmandu, private hydro developers regularly line up to complain about the current process for obtaining clearances for each stage of construction across various ministries. They argue that the numerous regulatory hurdles and the slow bureaucratic approvals cut too deeply into their resources and time to recoup investments. Not only do they suffer, the argument goes, but this also dissuades foreign investors who take their projects and dollars elsewhere.
Regulatory problems aside, other potential hazards lurk within a legal structure that is sorely out of date with regard to hydropower and natural resource use. For eight years Nepal operated under an interim constitution that in many places contradicted previous acts and policies related to hydropower. The Indian backed Upper Karnali project, for example, was approved in 2014 by the Investment Board of Nepal. However, critics point out that article 156 of the interim constitution requires two-thirds parliamentary approval for all agreements relating to natural resources. For this reason, one Nepali legal scholar told me, it is conceivable that every hydropower project constructed since 2007 could face legal challenges that could delay construction.

सँस्थागत चुनौतीहरू
काठमाडौँमा हुने जलविद्युतसम्बन्धी कुनै पनि सम्मेलनमा निजी उत्पादकहरू निर्माणको हरेक चरणमा विभिन्न मन्त्रालयबाट लिनुपर्ने स्वीकृतिहरूको झण्जटिलो प्रक्रियाबारे नियमित गुनासो गर्छन् । उनीहरू थुप्रै नियमन प्रक्रिया तथा सुस्त प्रशासनिक अनुमोदनले आफ्नो धेरै स्रोत खर्च हुने र लगानी उठाउन समय लाग्ने बताउँछन् । यस्तो अवस्थाले उनीहरूले दुःख पाउने मात्र होइन कि, विदेशी लगानीकर्ताहरूलाई हतोत्साहित पनि गर्दछ र उनीहरूले आफ्ना परियोजना र पैसा अन्यत्र लैजान्छन् ।
नियमन प्रक्रिया मात्र होइन, कानूनी संरचनाभित्र पनि अन्य सम्भाव्य जोखिम रहेका छन् । जलविद्युत र प्राकृतिक स्रोतको प्रयोगसम्बन्धी कानूनहरू पुराना भैसकेका छन् । आठ वर्षको लागि नेपाल अन्तरिम संविधान अन्तर्गत चलेको थियो, जसका धेरै प्रावधानहरू जलविद्युतसँग सम्बन्धित पुराना ऐन र नीतिहरूसँग बाझिन्छन् । उदाहरणको लागि, भारतीयहरूले बनाउन लागेको माथिल्लो कर्णाली परियोजना नेपाल इन्भेष्टमेन्ट बोर्डबाट सन् २०१४ मा अनुमोदन भएको थियो । तर, आलोचकहरू भन्छन् अन्तरिम संविधानको धारा १५६ अनुसार प्राकृतिक स्रोतसम्बन्धी सबै सम्झौताहरू संसदको दुई–तिहाइ बहुमतले पारित हुनुपर्छ । यसकारणले सन् २००७ पछि निर्माण भएका सबै जलविद्युत परियोजनाहरूले कानूनी चुनौती सामना गर्नुपर्ने हुनसक्छ, एक नेपाली कानून प्राज्ञले मलाई भन्नुभयो ।

Pilanchhe: Model of urban reconstruction
But Pilanchhe residents did not lose hope. They made projects with support from various organizations and started their reconstruction. They not only reconstructed their houses, but also tried to develop ways of income generation. They developed a projecct with support from some non-governmental organizations and started reconstructing their houses with combination of traditional design and modern technology.
The results have started showing. Reconstruction 37 houses out of 86 houses participating in the project have completed. Other houses are at various stages of reconstruction. Although modern technology and materials were used in the reconstructed houses, the outer design is unique and traditional.
Pilanchhe is known for its tradition, architecture, customs and festivals running since Licchhavi regime. There are also various structures of archeological importance in this place. There is Ganesh Temple, Pilanchhe Pond, and Guthighar (community hall), among others in this settlement-inhabited mostly by Maharjans. Cultural activities like various festivals and customs make the settlement lively.

पिलाछेँः शहरी पुनर्निर्माणको नमूना

तर, पिलाछेँबासीले हिम्मत हारेनन् । विभिन्न संस्थाहरुको सहयोगमा परियोजना बनाएर पुनर्निर्माण थाले । उनीहरुले केवल घरहरुको पुनर्निर्माणमात्र होइन, त्यसलाई आय आर्जनको माध्यम कसरी बनाउन सकिन्छ भनेर प्रयास गरे । केही गैरसरकारी संस्थाको सहयोगका परियोजना नै निर्माण गरेर परम्परागत स्वरुप तथा आधुनिक प्रविधिको मिश्रणसहित घरहरु पुनर्निर्माण गर्न थाले ।

परिणाम देखिन थालेको छ । परियोजनामा समावेश भएका ८६ घरहरुमध्ये ३७ वटाको पुनर्निर्माण सम्पन्न भइसकेको छ । अन्य घर पुनर्निर्माणका विभिन्न चरणमा छन् । पुनर्निर्माण भएका घरहरुमा आधुनिक प्रविधि तथा सामग्री प्रयोग गरिए पनि बाहिरी स्वरुप मौलिक र परम्परागत ढाँचाकै छन् ।

पिलाछेँ लिच्छविकालदेखि चल्दै आएका परम्परा, वास्तुकला, रहनसहन र चाडपर्वका लागि परिचित छ । यहाँ पुरातात्विक महत्वका विभिन्न संरचना पनि छन् । महर्जन बहुल यो बस्तीमा गणेश मन्दिर, पिलाछेँ पोखरी, गुठीघर लगायत छन् । विभिन्न जात्रा तथा देवालीहरुले सांस्कृतिक गतिविधिले बस्तीलाई जीवन्त बनाउँछ ।